The (Difficult) Rehabilitation of the Fairy-tale Villain
Abstract
This article explores what happens – cognitively speaking – when readers are confronted with those rewritings of folktales that provide the villain with a roundness which was not present in the source text. The cases here ana- lyzed – Donna Jo Napoli’s novels The Magic Circle and Zel and the Disney film Maleficent – concern one of the staple folktale villains – the witch – once it is reshaped in fractured folktales. The article argues that the newly characterized villains activate the readers’ subjective experience not simply due to a recognition of generic repertoires, but due to the involvement of their broader experiential background. This involvement takes the form of a deep cognitive reorganisation that depends on attributing and enacting consciousness and allows for a more rounded ethical engagement.
DOI: 10.17456/SIMPLE-134
Bibliography
Bettelheim, Bruno. 1991. The Uses of Enchantment. The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. London: Penguin.
Caracciolo, Marco. 2013. Patterns of Cognitive Dissonance in Readers’ Engagement with Characters. Enthymema, 8: 21-37.
Caracciolo, Marco. 2017. The Experientiality of Narrative. An Enactivist Approach. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter.
Calabrese, Stefano. 2013. Retorica e scienze neurocognitive. Roma: Carocci.
Crew, Hilary S. 2002. Spinning New Tales from Traditional Texts. Donna Jo Napoli and the Rewriting of the Fairy Tale. Children’s Literature in Education, 33, 2: 77-95.
Crew, Hilary S. 2010. Donna Jo Napoli. Writing with Passion. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
Eder, Jens, Fotis Jannidis & Ralf Schneider. 2010. Characters in Fictional Worlds. An Introduction. Jens Eder, Fotis Jannidis & Ralf Schneider eds. Characters in Fictional Worlds. Understanding Imaginary Beings in Literature, Film, and Other Media. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 3-64.
Di Paolo, Ezequiel A., Marieke Rohde & Hanneke De Jaegher. 2010. Horizons for the Enactive Mind: Values, Social Interaction, and Play. John Stewart, Olivier Gapenne & Ezequiel A. Di Paolo eds. Enaction. Toward a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science. Cambridge: MIT Press, 33-88.
Gerrig, Richard. 2010. A Moment-by-Moment Perspective on Readers’ Experiences of Character. Jens Eder, Fotis Jannidis & Ralf Schneider eds. Characters in Fictional Worlds. Understanding Imaginary Beings in Literature, Film, and Other Media. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 357-376.
Goldie, Peter. 2014. Anti-Empathy. Amy Coplan & Peter Goldie eds. Empathy. Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 302-317.
Hogan, Patrick. 2003. The Mind and His Stories. Narrative Universals and Human Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hogan, Patrick. 2011. What Literature Teaches Us About Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kamenetsky, Christa. 1992. The Brothers Grimm and Their Critics. Folktales and the Quest for Meaning. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Keen, Susan. 2007. Empathy and the Novel. New York: Oxford University Press.
Law, Karina. 2002. The Truth about Hansel and Gretel. London-Sydney: Franklin Watts.
Leake, Erin. 2014. Humanizing the Inhumane. The Value of Difficult Empathy. Meghan Marie Hammond & Sue J. Kim eds. Rethinking Empathy through Literature. New York: Routledge, 175-185.
Lüthi, Max. 1982. The European Folktale: Form and Nature. Bloomington-Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Margolin, Uri. 2007. Character. David Herman ed. The Cambridge Companion to Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 66-79.
Napoli, Donna Jo. 1993. Zel. New York: Penguin.
Napoli, Donna Jo. 1996. The Magic Circle. New York: Penguin.
Nikolajeva, Maria. 2014. Reading for Learning. Cognitive Approaches to Children’s Literature. Amsterdam-Philadelphia: John Benjamin.
Nikolajeva, Maria. 2015. Exploring Empathy and Ethics in Tales about Three Brothers. Maria Tatar ed. The Cambridge Companion to Fairy Tales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 134-149.
Nikolajeva, Maria. 2018. Emotions and Ethics: Implications for Children’s Literature. Kristine Moruzi & Michelle Smith eds. Affect, Emotion, and Children’s Literature: Representation and Socialization in Texts for Children and Young Adults. New York: Routledge, 96-112.
Richardson, Brian. 2010. Transtextual Characters. Jens Eder, Fotis Jannidis & Ralf Schneider eds. Characters in Fictional Worlds. Understanding Imaginary Beings in Literature, Film, and Oth- er Media. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter, 527-567.
Perry, Menakhem. 1979. Literary Dynamics: How the Order of a Text Creates its Meanings. Poetics Today, 1-2: 35-64; 311-361.