Staging Slavery through Historiographic Metatheatre: Lorena Gale’s Angélique and Suzan-Lori Parks’s Venus
Abstract
This essay discusses two plays ascribable to the genre of historiographic metatheatre. Angélique by African Canadian actress, director, and playwright Lorena Gale focuses on Marie-Joseph Angélique (1705-1734), the black bondswoman who was tried and executed for starting the fire that destroyed large parts of the French colonial settlement of Old Montreal in 1734. Venus by African American playwright Suzan-Lori Parks centers on Saartjie Baartman (1789-1815), a native of what is now South Africa, who was exhibited in Europe as “The Hottentot Venus”. Though equally invested in historiographic metatheatre, Gale and Parks employ distinct dramaturgical strategies that attest to the different ways in which slavery has been inscribed in the national narratives of Canada and the United States of America.
DOI: 10.17456/SIMPLE-230
Keywords: historiographic metatheatre, Lorena Gale, Angélique, Suzan-Lori Parks, Venus.
Bibliography
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, Lisa. 2008. Black Feminism in Contemporary Drama. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois Press.
Bannerji, Himani. 2000. The Dark Side of the Nation: Essays on Multiculturalism, Nationalism, and Gender. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.
Bissoondath, Neil. 1994. Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada. Toronto: Penguin.
Clarke, George Elliott. 1998. Contesting a Model Blackness: A Meditation on African- Canadian African Americanism, or The Structures of African-Canadianité. Essays on Canadian Writing, 63: 1-55.
Clarke, George Elliott. 2002. Raising Raced and Erased Executions in African-Canadian Literature: Or, Unearthing Angélique. Essays on Canadian Writing, 75: 30-61.
Clifton, Crais & Pamela Scully. 2009. Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A Ghost Story and a Biography. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
Constitution of the United States. 1787. America’s Founding Documents, https://www. archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript (consulted on 11/08/2024).
Cooper, Afua. 2007. The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal. Athens (GA): The University of Georgia Press.
Cuder-Domínguez, Pilar. 2021. The Legacy of Angélique in Late 20th-century Black Canadian Drama. Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 58, 3: 323-335.
Declaration of Independence. 1776. America’s Founding Documents, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript (consulted on 11/08/2024).
Desmond, Matthew & Mustafa Emirbayer. 2015. The Racial Order. Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press.
Douglass, Frederick. 2012. What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? Extract from an Oration, at Rochester, July 5, 1852. Arnold Krupat & Robert S. Levine eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Eight Edition, Volume B: 1820-1865. New York-London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1251-1254.
Elgersman, Maureen. 1999. Unyielding Spirits: Black Women and Slavery in Early Canada and Jamaica. New York: Garland Publishing.
Feldman, Alexander. 2013. Dramas of the Past on the Twentieth-Century Stage: In History’s Wings. New York-London: Routledge.
Finkelman, Paul. 1993. The Centrality of the Peculiar Institution in American Legal Development – Symposium on the Law of Slavery: Introduction. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 68, 3: 1009-1033.
Foucault, Michel. 2002 [1969]. The Archaeology of Knowledge, A. M. Sheridan Smith tr. (L’archéologie du savoir). New York: Routledge.
Frye, Northrop. 1995 [1971]. The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination. Concord (ON): House of Anansi Press.
Gale, Lorena. 2000. Angélique. Toronto: Playwrights Canada Press.
Gunew, Sneja. 2004. Haunted Nations: The Colonial Dimensions of Multiculturalisms. London: Routledge.
Hartman, Saidiya. 2007. Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Hartman, Saidiya. 2008. Venus in Two Acts. Small Axe, 26, 12, 2: 1-14.
Hartman, Saidiya. 2022. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Hutcheon, Linda. 1984. Canadian Historiographic Metafiction. Essays on Canadian Writing, 30: 228-238.
Hutcheon, Linda. 1988. A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. London: Routledge.
Hutcheon, Linda. 1989. The Politics of Postmodernism. London: Routledge.
Knowles, Richard Paul. 1987. Replaying History: Canadian Historiographic Metadrama. The Dalhousie Review, 67: 228-243.
Knowles, Ric. 1999. The Theatre of Form and the Production of Meaning: Contemporary Canadian Dramaturgies. Toronto: ECW Press.
Kornweibel, Karen Ruth. 2009. A Complex Resurrection: Race, Spectacle, and Complicity in Suzan-Lori Parks’s Venus. South Atlantic Review, 74, 3: 64-81.
Mackey, Frank. 2010. Done with Эlavery: The Black Fact in Montreal, 1760-1840. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Mbembe, Achille. 2002. The Power of the Archive and Its Limits. Carolyn Hamilton, Verne Harris, Jane Taylor, Michele Pickover, Graeme Reid & Razia Saleh eds. Refiguring the Archive. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers, 19-27.
Neal, Larry. 1968. The Black Arts Movement. Drama Review, 12, 4: 29-39.
Parks, Suzan-Lori. 1995. An Equation for Black People on Stage. The America Play and Other Works. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 19-22.
Parks, Suzan-Lori. 1997. Venus. New York: Theatre Communications Group.
Patterson, Orlando. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge (MA)-London: Harvard University Press.
Pinto, Samantha. 2020. Venus at Work: The Contracted Body and Fictions of Sarah Baartman. Infamous Bodies: Early Black Women’s Celebrity and the Afterlives of Rights. Durham (NC)-London: Duke University Press, 105-137.
Schroeder, Patricia. 1996. The Feminist Possibilities of Dramatic Realism. Madison (NJ): Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Sharpe, Christina. 2010. Monstrous Intimacies: Making Post-Slavery Subjects. Durham (NC): Duke University Press.
Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean. 1999. Black Venus: Sexualized Savages, Primal Fears, and Primitive Narratives in French. Durham (NC): Duke University Press.
Stampp, Kenneth M. 1956. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. New York: Vintage Books.
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott. 1971. Announcement of Implementation of Policy of Multiculturalism within Bilingual Framework. House of Commons Debates, Official Report, Third Session, Twenty-Eighth Parliament, Volume VIII: 8545-8548, https://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC2803_08/811 (consulted on 11/08/2024).
Trudel, Marcel. 1960. L’esclavage au Canada français: Histoire et conditions de l’esclavage. Québec: Les Presses Universitaires Laval.
Trudel, Marcel. 2004. Deux siècles d’esclavage au Québec. Montréal: Hurtubise HMH.
Wilderson III, Frank B. 2020. Afropessimism. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.
Willis, Deborah ed. 2010. Black Venus 2010: They Called Her “Hottentot”. Philadelphia (PA): Temple University Press.
Winks, Robin. 1997. The Blacks in Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Young, Jean. 1997. The Re-Objectification and Re-Commodification of Saartjie Baartman in Suzan-Lori Parks’s Venus. African American Review, 31, 4: 699-708.